ABSTRACT
The theory of "liver opens at the eyes" was first seen in Yellow Emperor's Internal Canon of Medicine， which is the ancient people's summary of the connection between the liver and the eyes. The theory of "liver opens at the eyes" suggests the characteristic of "co-damage and co-recover of liver and eyes". It has been found in clinical practice that liver diseases and eye diseases often occur together， and "liver and eyes co-recover" is an ideal choice. The key to achieving "liver and eyes co-recover" is to analyze its pharmacological material basis and mechanism. With the development of modern medicine， more and more evidence indicates that the liver and eyes have complex and close relationships in physiological and pathological aspects. In a pathological state， there is a phenomenon of "liver and eyes co-damage"， and after the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine， "liver and eyes co-recover" occurs. "Liver and eyes co-damage and co-recover" can be explained through the "co-material basis and co-action mechanism". On this basis， the research group tentatively proposed that the liver and eyes had "four common characteristics" （4CCs）， namely "co-damage， co-recover， co-material basis， and co-action mechanism" from the theoretical connotation of traditional Chinese medicine， clinical practice， and molecular biology. Additionally， the group also took the intervention of Prunella vulgaris， traditional Chinese medicine， for removing liver fire and improving eyesight on immune liver injury （ILI） and allergic conjunctivitis （AC） as examples to analyze 4CCs. This project aims to deeply analyze the scientific connotation of the theory of "liver opens at the eyes"， reveal the common characteristics and biological essence of liver and eyes， explore a new research paradigm of "liver and eyes co-recover"， and provide a reference for the study of common problems of multi-organ associated diseases.
ABSTRACT
Thyroid disease is characterized by unusual levels of thyroid hormones, which results in either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The pathology of a particular type or stage of thyroid disease is very complicated, and always linked to a variety of biological functions. Although the mortality rate is not high, thyroid dysfunction could lead to metabolic and immunological disorders that can subsequently cause discomfort. To date, many drugs are suggested to have curative effects on thyroid disease, however, drug toxicity and long treatment periods encourage the search for more promising ones. Prunella vulgaris L. (Labiatae) is a popular herb that has shown great potential for improving human immunity and organ protection. It has been extensively used in the treatment of many diseases but its ability to treat specific diseases has not been fully reported. In this review, a literature search regarding herbs and herbal recipes for treating thyroid disease were carried out, organized, and summarized. In addition, this study conducted a literature search on the current situation and progress of P. vulgaris treatment for various diseases. Finally, this study discussed studies regarding P. vulgaris treatment of goiter, and the mechanism of treatment through the regulation of apoptosis. Accordingly, a combination therapy of herbs and Western medicine can provide significant therapeutic effects in the clinical treatment of thyroid disease. Furthermore, the association between P. vulgaris and various diseases suggests that P. vulgaris is rich in a variety of active substances that can fight oxidation and participate in the regulation of apoptosis, thus having a protective effect on the thyroid. Here, a comprehensive literature review regarding the application of herbs or herbal recipes in the treatment of thyroid disease was presented. It is concluded that there is strong evidence for further research regarding the use of P. vulgaris in the treatment of thyroid diseases.
ABSTRACT
Prunella vulgaris(PV) is an edible and traditional medicinal herb which has a wide range application in fighting inflammation and oxidative stress, and protecting liver. Now it has been used to treat various types of liver diseases and has significant clinical efficacy. This study aims to investigate the effects of PV on ethanol-induced oxidative stress injury in rats and its metabolic mechanism. The rats were divided into control group, model group, PV group, and VC group. The liver protection of PV was identified by measuring pharmacological indexes such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The metabolic mechanism of long-term ethanol exposure and the metabolic regulation mechanism of PV treatment were studied by LS-MS metabonomics. The pharmacological investigation indicated that ethanol could significantly decrease the contents of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT and other antioxidant enzymes in liver and increase the content of MDA. At the same time, PV could significantly reduce the contents of inflammatory factors(TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) and liver function markers(ALT, AST, ALP) in serum. What's more, long-term ethanol exposure could significantly cause liver injury, while PV could protect liver. Metabolomics based on multiple statistical analyses showed that long-term ethanol exposure could cause significant metabolic disorder, and fatty acids, phospholipids, carnitines and sterols were the main biomarkers. Meanwhile, pathway analysis and enrichment analysis showed that the β oxidation of branched fatty acids was the main influencing pathway. Also, PV could improve metabolic disorder of liver injury induced by ethanol, and amino acids, fatty acids, and phospholi-pids were the main biomarkers in PV treatment. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that PV mainly regulated metabolic disorder of ethanol-induced liver injury through phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthetic pathways. This study could provide a new perspective on the hepatoprotective effect of natural medicines, such as PV.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Antioxidants/metabolism , Ethanol/toxicity , Liver/metabolism , Metabolomics , Oxidative Stress , PrunellaABSTRACT
Aim: The effects of UV-B pretreatment on biosynthesis of active ingredients in Prunella vulgaris L. were studied from three aspects: active ingredients, physiological and biochemical parameters and key enzymes of rosmarinic acid metabolism pathway.Methodology: In greenhouse, the seedlings of P. vulgaris were subjected to UV-B treatment for 30 min from 10:30 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. every day for 10 days and then transplanted to field. After ripening, the leaves were harvested for physiological and biochemical estimations and the expression of key enzyme genes and the contents of active ingredients were measured by ear picking. Results: The results of active ingredient content showed that artificial UV-B radiation increased the contents of phenolic acids and individual flavonoids at mature fruiting stage compared with control plants. Physiological and biochemical results indicated that increase in peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities seem to be active responses to alleviate the deleterious effects of UV-B in P. vulgaris. Under UV-B pre-treatment, genes related to rosmarinic acid/phenolic acid biosynthesis were significantly (p<0.05) over-expressed at seedling stage of P. vulgaris. Interpretation: This study indicated that UV-B pre-treatment in the seedling stage before transplantation to field is effective for inducing phenolic acid and flavonoid accumulation in P. vulgaris ears at mature fruiting stage.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare and analyze the transcriptome of ears, leaves and stems of Prunella vulgaris, and excavate the key enzyme genes related to the secondary metabolism biosynthesis of P. vulgaris. Methods: The transcriptome of ears, leaves and stems of P. vulgaris were sequenced by Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Additionally biosynthesis related enzyme gene of secondary metabolism were identified from differentially expressed genes. Results: In the transcripts of three different tissues of P. vulgaris, a total of 8 270 Unigenes differed significantly between at least two tissues. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of genes differentially expressed in different tissues showed that the expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes varied greatly. A total of 31 triterpenoid biosynthesis-related Unigenes, 16 phenolic acid biosynthesis-related Unigenes, and 113 P450s-related Unigenes were identified in the differentially expressed genes. Conclusion: This study provides a basis for the subsequent discovery of functional genes related to the secondary metabolism synthesis pathway of P. vulgaris, and plays a foundation for the regulation of secondary metabolism biosynthesis of P. vulgaris.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To identify WRKY genes from the transcriptome dataset of Prunella vulgaris by bioinformatics method, and analyze the protein characteristics and expression level of these genes. Method:WRKY transcription factor were identified from the P. vulgaris transcriptome database，their motif，physical and chemical properties，functional annotations，family evolution and expression patterns were analyzed, and their functions were predicted. Result:A total of 23 WRKY transcription factors were identified from P. vulgaris in this study by computational prediction method.Structural analysis found that WRKY proteins contained a highly conserved motif WRKYGQK. Phylogenetic analysis of WRKYs together with the homologous genes from Arabidopsis thaliana could be divided into two groups（group Ⅰ-Ⅱ）. There were 7 members in group Ⅰ，and 16 members in group Ⅱ, group Ⅱ was subdivided into five subgroups，namely group Ⅱb （3 members），Ⅱc（5 members），Ⅱd（3 members），Ⅱe（5 members）. The physical and chemical properties of WRKY protein showed that the amino acid number was between 85 and 599，the molecular weight was between 9 527.5-66 438.45 Da，the theoretical isoelectric point was between 5.01-9.83.Among them, c13719.graph_c0，c32199.graph_c0，c24547.graph_c0，c37881.graph_c0 may play a role in the regulation of secondary metabolitessynthesis of P. vulgaris.And c32199.graph_c0，c26537.graph_c0，c23728.graph_c0 may has an effect in identifying and defensing pathogens in P. vulgaris.The transcriptional profiles of these 23 WRKY genes in various tissues were investigated using transcriptome dataset.The results showed that the expression level of WRKY genes varied significantly in different tissues. Conclusion:This study identifies the organization and transcriptional profiles of PmWRKY genes for the first time, so as to provide the helpful information for further studies of functions of WRKYs.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Prunella vulgaris L. has been an important medicinal plant for the treatment of thyroid gland malfunction and mastitis in China for over 2000 years. There is an urgent need to select effective wavelengths for greenhouse cultivation of P. vulgaris as light is a very important factor in P. vulgaris growth. Here, we described the effects of natural light (control) and UV solar exclusion on the morphological and physiological traits, secondary metabolites contents and antioxidant activities of P. vulgaris. RESULTS: The results showed that UV solar exclusion resulted in remarkable alterations to morphological and biomass traits; significantly reduced the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents; significantly enhanced the ratio of chlorophyll a to b; and significantly increased the carotenoid and anthocyanin contents in P. vulgaris. UV solar exclusion significantly increased the catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities and slightly decreased the glutathione (GSH) content. UV solar exclusion significantly increased the soluble sugar and H2O2 contents and increased the soluble protein content but significantly decreased the proline content and slightly decreased the MDA content. The secondary metabolite contents (total phenolics, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, hyperoside, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid) and in vitro antioxidative properties (DPPH· and ABTS·+scavenging activities) were significantly increased in P. vulgaris spicas under UV solar exclusion. Additionally, the total polysaccharide and total flavonoids contents were slightly increased by UV solar exclusion. The salviaflaside content was significantly reduced by UV solar exclusion. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that P. vulgaris activates several antioxidant defence systems against oxidative damage caused by UV solar exclusion.
Subject(s)
Photosynthesis/physiology , Prunella/metabolism , Anthocyanins/biosynthesis , Antioxidants/metabolism , Ultraviolet Rays , Prunella/radiation effects , Prunella/chemistry , Antioxidants/radiation effectsABSTRACT
Objective To obtain the transcriptome sequence database and to explore the molecule basis of secondary metabolism biosynthesis in Prunella vulgaris. Methods The high-throughput RNA-seq technology (Illumina HiSeq 2000) was used to conduct a transcriptomic analysis of P. vulgaris ears, stems, and leaves. Unigenes were obtained after assembled by Trinity, and the sequencing results were analyzed with the bioinformatics analysis. Results A total of 77 863 Unigenes were obtained and the average length was 716.72 nt. A total of 41 367 (53.13%) unigenes were annotated by a BLAST similarity search against Nr, Swiss-Prot, COG and other four public sequence databases, and 1 406 Unigenes were assigned to secondary metabolism biosynthesis pathways by the KEGG. Based on the bioinformatic analysis, we found that 60 Unigenes were involved in the triterpenes backbone biosynthesis, 24 Unigenes catalyze synthesis of phenolic acids, and 259 Unigenes might participate in secondary metabolism post-modification. Additionally, 118 unigenes might involve in other secondary metabolism biosynthesis of P. vulgaris. Conclusion The transcriptome data of P. vulgaris from this study provides an important resource for understanding the biosynthesis mechanism of its secondary metabolites, and provides basic information that may aid in metabolic engineering to increase yields secondary metabolites of P. vulgaris.
ABSTRACT
Objective To identify the MYB transcription factors that may regulate the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and phenolic acids in Prunella vulgaris. Methods MYB transcription factor were identified from the P. vulgaris transcriptome database, their motif, physical and chemical properties, functional annotation, family evolution and expression patterns were examined. Results A total of 27 MYB transcription factors were identified. c32045.graph_c0 might inhibit the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid by inhibiting the expression of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase gene, thus acting as a transcription suppressor to negatively regulate the biosynthesis of phenolic acids. c26895.graph_c0 might inhibit the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and phenolic acids by regulating the flow of metabolic intermediates in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and rosmarinic acids. Conclusion The candidate MYB transcription factors related to the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and phenolic acids were obtained. It also laid a foundation for the further study of MYB in regulating of secondary metabolites in P. vulgaris.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To study antibreast cancer activity and the mechanism of appropriate components of polysaccharides (P), triterpenes (T), the essential oil (V), and different compatibilities (PT, PV, TV, and PTV) of Prunella vulgaris in vivo. Methods: 4T1 breast cancer model was established to evaluate anti-breast cancer activity. The appropriate components of P. vulgaris were screened. The tumor volume and the shaded areas in breast cancer mice were detected by living small animal Micro-CT scan. The structural changes of each organ were detected by HE staining. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptotic rate of tumor. The expression of PCNA, CD-31, and E-cadherin were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum estradiol was detected by Elisa kit. Results: T and PTV had significant anti-breast cancer activity. There were inflammatory cells infiltration, degeneration and necrosis, tumor cell apoptosis in the T and PTV groups. T and PTV could inhibit cell proliferation by reducing the estradiol level and downregulating the overexpression of PCNA proteins. T and PTV could also reduce tumor angiogenesis by downregulating the protein expression of CD-31. T and PTV also inhibited the metastatic process by upregulating the protein expression of E-cadherin. Conclusion: T and PTV showed significant anti-breast cancer activities, suggesting that T and PTV can be a potential drug for breast cancer.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To observe the pro-apoptotic effect of Prunella Vulgaris extracts (PVE) on thyroid cancer cell line B-CPAP and explore its mechanism. Methods: After cultured in PVE of different concentrations for 72 h, the cytoactive of B-CPAP cells was detected by MTT and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated. Flow cytometry, TUNEL and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the changes in apoptosis rate, apoptosis index (AI) and intracellular ultrastructure after 48-hour treatment with the IC50 concentration of PVE. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was used to detect the differences in bcl-2 protein expression with or without PVE treatment. Results: PVE significantly inhibited B-CPAP (F=22.815, P<0.05) in the concentration-dependent manner (r2=0.851) with IC50=1.53 mg/mL. The apoptosis rate of cells in PVE of 0.77 mg/mL and 1.53 mg/mL was 8.5% and 16.3%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of control group (3.9%) (P<0.05). The AI of cells in medium containing PVE was 47% while AI of negative control was 29%. The B-CPAP cells treated with PVE were observed to have swollen intracellular mitochondria, non-uniform size, and an increased number of autophagosomes. Semi-quantitative analysis of IHC showed that the expression level of bcl-2 protein in the negative control group was higher than that in drug group. Conclusion: PVE can significantly promote the apoptosis of B-APAP cells in vitro. The pro-apoptotic effect of PVE may be related to the inhibition of bcl-2 protein expression.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To screen optimal ratio of Prunella vulgaris(PV) and Taraxacum mongolicum(TM) as a synergetic combination for anti-breast cancer treatment in vitro based on combination index(CI) and to investigate the effects of PV and TM on cell proliferation and apoptosis under the optimized ratio in tumor-bearing(4T1) female BALB/c mice in vivo. METHODS: Cell proliferation was assayed by MTT method. The dose-effect of PV combined with TM was evaluated by CI method, The combination has a synergistic effect when the CI value is less than 1. Breast cancer model was established by subcutaneous injection of 4T1 cells in BABL/c mice, the mice were given medicated feed daily for 25 d. Body weight and tumor growth were measured every three days. Histological change and cell apoptosis in tumor tissue from breast cancer mice were evaluated via HE and TUNEL methods. RESULTS: The results indicated that cell proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 treated with PV and TM in combination was markedly inhibited. The combination index of PV and TM was 0.199 8 and 0.407 at a ratio of 4:3, which showed a synergistic effect. In addition, PV+TM treatment significantly reduced tumor volume without affecting body weight in breast cancer mice. HE staining showed that the infiltration of inflammatory cells appeared around the tumors and the areas of necrosis. TUNEL staining showed the induced apoptosis in tumor cells from breast cancer mice. CONCLUSION: PV+TM combination has a significant anti-breast cancer activity possibly by boosting immunity and promoting apoptosis in tumor cells, which suggests that PV+TM combination might be a novel potent therapy for the treatment of breast cancer.
ABSTRACT
Prunella vulgaris with the function of clearing fire eyesight and softening hardness and dissipating mass, has been widely used in clinics. P. vulgaris mainly contains terpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, sterols, coumarins, organic acids, volatile oils and carbohydrates, and other ingredients with antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, free radical scavenging activity and anti-oxidation, antitumor, inhibition of virus growth, and other pharmacological effects. According to the literature at home and abroad in recent years, we summarize the chemical compositions and pharmacological actions of P. vulgaris to provide a reference for its clinical applications and further development.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the intervention effects of prunella vulgaris sulfated polysaccharide (PVSP) on carbon tetrachaloride(CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rat.Methods The 40% CCl4was used to induce hepatic fibrosis in rat model, then successful model rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 10 rats in each group, respectively, the model group(Model),the high dose PVSP group(PVSP-H:400 mg/kg)and the low dose PVSP group(PVSP-L:100 mg/kg). The blank group and solvent group were also established.The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)were determined by automatic biochemical analyzer.HE staining and Sirius red staining were used to examine the degree of hepatic fibrosis.The expression levels of collagen typeⅠ(Col-Ⅰ)and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)mRNA were detected by qRT-PCR.Col-Ⅰand α-SMA in hepatic tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry staining.Results There were no significant changes in serum expressions of ALT and AST and mRNA proteins of Col-Ⅰand α-SMA in liver tissues between the blank group and Solvent group.Compared with the model group,the serum levels of ALT and AST were significantly decreased in the PVSP-H and PVSP-L groups (P<0.05). HE staining and Sirius red staining showed that PVSP could significantly reduce the degree of hepatic fibrosis.The expression of Col-Ⅰand α-SMA mRNA were decreased in the PVSP-H and PVSP-L groups(P<0.05).Immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of Col-Ⅰ and α-SMA in hepatic tissues were decreased by PVSP (P<0.05), and the effect was dose-dependent. Conclusion PVSP has a protective effect on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, which may be related with the inhibiting expressions of Col-Ⅰand α-SMA,reducing secretion of collagen and promoting extracellular matrix degradation.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study and explore the effect of Prunella vulgaris on TSH 、TGAb 、TPOAb and Th cell-associated cytokines IFN-γ ,TNF-α ,IL-4 and IL-17 in autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT ) rats .Methods Di-vide forty female Sprague-Dawley rats into four group :blank group ,model group ,western medicine control group (selenium yeast group) ,Prunella vulgaris group ,10 rats in each group ,The rats in the model group and the rats in the model group were treated with PTg injection and high iodine water .The rats in the drug group were treated with sour yeast and Prunella vulgaris .The rats were sacrificed 6 weeks after the intervention . Elisa method was used to detect the rats Serum levels of TSH ,TGAb ,TPOAb and IFN-γ ,TNF-α ,IL-4 and IL-17 were measured .Results The levels of TSH ,TGAb ,TPOAb ,IFN-γ ,TNF-α ,IL-4 and IL-17 in the model group were significantly higher than those in the blank group ,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0 .05) .Selenium yeast group and Prunella vulgaris group TSH ,TGAb ,TPOAb ,IFN-γ ,TNF-α ,IL-4 ,IL-17 were lower than the model group ,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0 .05) ;The levels of TSH , IFN-γ ,IL-4 and IL-17 in Prunella vulgaris group were lower than those in selenium yeast group ,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0 .05) .Conclusion Prunella vulgaris can reduce the expression of autoanti-bodies and Th-related cytokines in AIT rats ,and have immunomodulatory effects ,it is worth to promote the use of clinical .
ABSTRACT
Flavonoids have attracted much attention due to their good anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation and anti-tumor effects. At present, the extraction of flavonoids is mainly based on organic solvent, while the researches on the use of green and safe solvents are quite limited. Therefore, in the present study, different types of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were applied to investigate their effect on extraction of flavonoids and optimize the process, also investigate the recovery efficiency of DESs and evaluate the recovery method for total flavonoids. The extraction yield of the total flavonoids acted as the comprehensive evaluation indexes, and a central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to further optimize the alcohol-based DES extraction conditions. The results showed that the optimized extraction conditions were as follows: water-DES ratio of 27%, solid-liquid ratio of 15 mL·g⁻¹, extraction temperature of 83 °C and extraction time of 42 min in ChCl-glycerol at 1:4 ratio. Under these conditions, the mean experimental value of the extraction yield (75.05 mg·g⁻¹) corresponded well with the predicted value (77.86 mg·g⁻¹). Moreover, these experimental results showed more advantages such as in higher efficiency, economy and environmental protection as compared with previously reported conventional extraction methods. In addition，the recovery yield of the total flavonoids from the DESs extraction solution achieved 97.88% by using AB-8 macroporous resin, and 88.12% desorption ratio can be achieved by 100% ethanol with 5 times resin content. After the above treated DESs were collected, the extraction yield with the same method reached 95.23%, indicating that the method of macroporous resin can be used for efficient and simple recovery and reuse. This study suggests that DESs can be used as a kind of sustainable and efficient natural extraction solvents for extraction of flavonoids from Prunella vulgaris.
ABSTRACT
Pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitors were firstly screened from Prunella vulgaris with PL immobilized on carboxylic acid-terminated magnetic nanoparticles, then these possible inhibitors were identified by LC-MS/MS and mixed standards. Finally, their inhibitory effects and types on PL were tested by p-nitrophenol method. The results showed that four PL inhibitors were screened out from P. vulgaris and confirmed by LC-MS/MS and mixed standards. The IC₅₈ and inhibition types were as follows: caffeic acid [(252.3±3.6) mg·L⁻¹, anti-competitive inhibition], rutin [(91.2±1.6)mg·L⁻¹, competitive inhibition], hesperidin [(31.5±4.4) mg·L⁻¹, competitive inhibition] and ursolic acid [(41.3±2.2) mg·L⁻¹, competitive inhibition]. Their inhibitive types and abilities on PL were related to their molecular size, hydrophobicity and the number of hydrogen bond with PL triplet.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, Liquid , Lipase , Plant Extracts , Prunella , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to explore the anti-HSV activity of P.vulgaris polysaccharides and gels in vitro and in vivo with the provision of scientific evidence for the further research of anti-HSV new drugs.Plaque reduction assay was adopted to determine the IC50 value of P.vulgaris polysaccharides on HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro.In addition,HSV-1 (skin) and HSV-2 (vulva) infected guinea-pig models were established for assessing the anti-HSV activity of polysaccharides and gels in vivo,and infected lesion degree,number of papulovesicle,typical lesion score and the DNA copy numbers of HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses in the lesion tissue were taken as the indexes.It was found that the activities of HSV1 and HSV-2 viruses was inhibited by P.vulgaris polysaccharides in vitro,while HSV induced skin lesions in the guineapigs were ameliorated by P.vulgaris gel,exerting an anti-HSV action.In conclusion,it was demonstrated that P.vulgaris polysaccharides and gels performed an anti-HSV action both in vitro and in vivo with the hidden value of developing antiHSV agents.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To develop a method of fingerprint analysis of Prunella vulgaris by HPLC for the quality control of P. vulgaris. METHODS: Twenty-eight samples of wild and cultivated P. vulgaris. obtained from different habitats were analyzed. The difference in the chromatographic fingerprints of P. vulgaris. samples between the two varieties was identified by chemometric methods including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). The selected biomarkers were identified by comparing with reference standards. RESULTS: The fingerprint of P. vulgaris was established, and 12 common peaks and good similarities were found in the HPLC fingerprints of P. vulgaris from different habitats. PLS-DA result showed obvious distinction between the two varieties of P. vulgaris, while PCA showed poor distinguishing ability. Six compounds were screened as bio-markers, representing major differences between the two varieties. Four of them were identified as rutinum, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and luteolin. CONCLUSION: The fingerprint analysis combined with chemical pattern recognition can be applied as a measure for the quality control and comprehensive evaluation of P. vulgaris.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the polar chemical constituents from Prunella vulgaris L. METHODS: Silica gel, reverse-phase octadecylsilyl(ODS), Sephadex LH-20 chromatographic methods, MCI and HPLC were applied to isolate and purify compounds. MS and NMR methods were used to determine the structures of the compounds. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of these chemical components for MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A cell lines was measured by MTT method. RESULTS: A total of 12 compounds were isolated from the fruits of P. vulgaris and their structures were identified as methyl 3,4,α-trihydroxypropionate(1), danshensu(2), methyl rosmarinate(3),3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid(4), quercetin-3-O-glycopyranoside(5), hyperoside(6), 2α,3α,19α,24-tetrahydroxylurs-12-en-28-oic acid(7), 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid(8), cytidine(9), daucosterol(10), (3S,5R,10S)-7-oxo-12-methoxyabieta-8,11,13-triene-3,11,14-triol(11), and 2α,3α,24-trihydroxyolean-12,20(30)-dien-28-oic acid(12). The results of antitumor assay indicated that compound 2,3,5 and 6 significantly inhibited the activity of MCF-7, compound 3 could inhibit the activity of MDA-MB-231, but all of them also significantly inhibited the activity of normal cell lines MCF-10A. CONCLUSION: Compounds 9 and 11 are isolated from the genus of Prunella L. for the first time. Some chemical constituents form Prunella L. show certain anti-breast cancer activity.